{"id":933,"date":"2016-03-30T02:36:58","date_gmt":"2016-03-30T02:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/?page_id=933"},"modified":"2024-12-17T16:27:47","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T16:27:47","slug":"nearctaphis","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/?page_id=933","title":{"rendered":"Nearctaphis"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><em>Nearctaphis<\/em> Shaposhnikov<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This page updated:\u00a0December 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is an easily recognized genus for a small but unknown number of species.&nbsp; As noted by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.aphidsonworldsplants.info\/d_APHIDS_N.htm#Nearctaphis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Blackman and Eastop<\/a>, &#8220;m<span lang=\"EN-US\">ost species are poorly known<\/span>.&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-934\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"216\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1-300x216.jpg\" alt=\"A species of Nearctaphis from Penstemon in the Trinity Mountain range of Idaho. This keys to Nearctaphis bakeri, but was present on Penstemon far too early in the season to be that species, which is heteroeceous. Spring was just starting at this site, and the Penstemon was just beginning to grow and was far from blooming.\" class=\"wp-image-934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1-300x216.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1-768x553.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1-1024x737.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-ex-Penstemon-Trinity-Mt-23-vi-2012-1.jpg 1247w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A species of Nearctaphis from Penstemon in the Trinity Mountain range of Idaho. This keys to Nearctaphis bakeri, but was present on Penstemon far too early in the season to be that species, which is heteroeceous. Spring was just starting at this site, and the Penstemon was just beginning to grow and was far from blooming.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another case of understatement.&nbsp; In my collection I somewhat confidently identify three species, plus I have less confidently assigned a handful of slides to other species.&nbsp; All the others I have turned to separation based on &#8220;morphospecies&#8221; without assigning published names.&nbsp; I have been avidly collecting <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> for over 20 years, and will continue to do so.&nbsp; Perhaps if I live another 30 years, there will be enough material to revise the genus (maybe sooner for someone smarter than me).&nbsp; During winter of 2018 I examined all my <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> material other than <em>N. sensoriata<\/em>, added species names to some <em>N. bakeri<\/em> and <em>N. kachena<\/em> slides (see below for some new thoughts and information on the latter), and refined my sorting of everything else to morphospecies.&nbsp; There are definitely quite a few separate-able species in Oregon and nearby states!&nbsp; In most cases I am still not trying to put species names on slides because I have only a few slides of each group, and usually only alate viviparae.&nbsp; That is simply not enough material to characterize a &#8216;species&#8217; in my mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"species-list\">Species covered below (click on the name to jump to that species):<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#n-bakeri\"><em>Nearctaphis bakeri<\/em> (Cowen)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"#n-crataegifoliae\"><em>Nearctaphis crataegifoliae<\/em>\u00a0(Fitch)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><span lang=\"EN-US\"><a href=\"#n-kachena\"><em>Nearctaphis kachena<\/em>\u00a0(Hottes)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"#n-sensoriata\"><em>Nearctaphis <\/em>(<em>Amelanchieria<\/em>)<em> sensoriata<\/em> (Gillette &amp; Bragg)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"n-bakeri\"><strong><em>Nearctaphis bakeri<\/em> (Cowen)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is a very common species that has become a pest of cultivated <em>Trifolium<\/em>.\u00a0 I collect it frequently on its Rosaceae primary hosts, especially on ornamental <em>Pyrus<\/em> and various <em>Crataegus<\/em>.\u00a0 On secondary hosts, I find it on a range of <em>Trifolium<\/em> (Fabaceae) species, <em>Castilleja<\/em> &amp;\u00a0<em>Pedicularis<\/em> (Orobanchaceae), and <em>Penstemon <\/em>(Plantaginaceae).\u00a0 It is possible that more than one species is lumped into this general category.\u00a0 During fall of 2024 I took a look through all my material in the <em>N. bakeri<\/em> category (about 80 slides) with the aim of finding morphological distinctions that might separate it into groups based on life cycle, host plant, or geography. I was not able to find anything useful. As noted above, the biggest problem I see with this &#8216;species&#8217; is that there are populations in high elevation forest habitats that build up to large numbers on <em>Penstemon<\/em> far too early in the season to have originated on a relatively local primary host Pomoideae. For example, I have a sample of apterae and alatae living on <em>Penstemon<\/em> in the forest near Lakeview, Oregon (~5,000 feet, 1524 meters elevation) on 28 May 2020. In this area there are few native Pomoideae, so instead I used trees in our garden to calibrate the season. Our apples broke bud about April 7. So let&#8217;s imagine that these <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> originated from local apples. They would have to hatch from eggs around April 7, mature to adult fundatrices, produce second generation alatae (although supposedly the third generation is alate in this species), migrate to <em>Penstemon<\/em>, and produce a third generation of mixed alate and apterous females, all in about 7 weeks. This is exceedingly unlikely to impossible given the cold climate in this area and the fact that producing alatae in both the second and third generations is practically unheard of. So, we are left with three options to explain these early populations on <em>Penstemon<\/em> in the forests near Lakeview: 1) the <em>Penstemon<\/em> is colonized very early in spring by alatae flying in from far away warmer climates such as the Willamette Valley in western Oregon or the warm agricultural valleys of northern California; 2) I was looking at an anholocyclic population on <em>Penstemon<\/em>, able to overwinter as apterae or nymphs; or 3) I was looking at a monoecious holocyclic population overwintering as eggs on <em>Penstemon<\/em>. Option 1 seems incredible to me because when these early populations are found on <em>Penstemon<\/em> they are on almost all plants in a given stream drainage. In order for this to be the case in May in these habitats, all those plants would have to be colonized independently by migrants from far away &#8212; an unlikely coincidence. In my view options 2 and 3 are equally likely. Although winters are long and harsh in the Lakeview area, aphids can probably overwinter as eggs or apterae under the snow in most years. More thorough early-season field work will be required to resolve this mystery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I have material identified as this species from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Nevada, Wyoming, Colorado, Wisconsin, and New York.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-fund-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-938\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"384\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-fund-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013.jpg\" alt=\"Nearctaphis bakeri fundatrix on ornamental Pyrus in our Idaho garden.\" class=\"wp-image-938\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-fund-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013.jpg 384w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-fund-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-192x300.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nearctaphis bakeri fundatrix on ornamental Pyrus in our Idaho garden.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-939\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"801\" height=\"558\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1.jpg\" alt=\"Nearctaphis bakeri alate vivipara on ornamental Pyrus in our Idaho garden.\" class=\"wp-image-939\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1.jpg 801w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1-300x209.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1-768x535.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearct-bakeri-ex-orn-pear-Eagle-29-iv-2013-1-330x230.jpg 330w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 801px) 100vw, 801px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nearctaphis bakeri alate vivipara on ornamental Pyrus in our Idaho garden.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#species-list\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"n-crataegifoliae\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><em>Nearctaphis crataegifoliae<\/em><\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><strong>\u00a0(Fitch)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I use this name tentatively, as with all species in this genus, because species-level understanding of <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> is very poor.&nbsp; Nonetheless, I was pleased to find what I call <em>N. crataegifoliae<\/em> close enough to home to get a photo.&nbsp; It was growing on a small native <em>Crataegus<\/em> shrub in the Fremont National Forest, where <em>Crataegus<\/em> is extremely uncommon. This aphid is obviously heteroecious, but despite much effort I have never seen it on its legume secondary hosts.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020.jpg 793w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020-768x451.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Nearctaphis-cf-crataefoliae-Fremont-N.F.-near-Lakeview-9-May-2020-624x367.jpg 624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nearctaphis identified as crataegifoliae on native Crataegus in southern Lake County, Oregon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#species-list\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"n-kachena\"><strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><em>Nearctaphis kachena<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span lang=\"EN-US\"><strong>(Hottes)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even though I don&#8217;t have any photos of it, I wanted to add a bit about <em>Nearctaphis kachena<\/em>.\u00a0 After many years of collecting <em>Nearctaphis<\/em>, I&#8217;ve accumulated quite a few samples from various <em>Castilleja<\/em>\u00a0(Orobanchaceae) species across the west.\u00a0 During winter of 2018 I finally sat down and looked through them all.\u00a0 I think that almost all of them belong to one species, and it seems that <em>N. kachena<\/em> is the best fit.\u00a0 There is some variation among the samples in terms of how smooth are the tarsi and how long and segmented are the antennae, but these features seem to be rather variable in <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> generally when many samples from many places are considered.\u00a0 In <em>N. kachena<\/em>, apterous viviparae sometimes even have 5-segmented antennae.\u00a0 Also of interest is that I have collected this species from not only <em>Castilleja<\/em> but also from subalpine species of <em>Pedicularis<\/em> (Orobanchaceae), <em>Mimulus<\/em> (Phyrmaceae), and <em>Penstemon <\/em>(Plantaginaceae). For years this species has been assumed to likely be heteroecious. In early spring of 2020 I found what appeared to be <em>N. kachena<\/em> on a small native <em>Crataegus<\/em> in the Fremont National Forest of southern Oregon. Then, during 2021 in Colorado I collected several alate viviparae from <em>Crataegus<\/em> in the fall that almost certainly are <em>N. kachena<\/em>, offering strong support for this species being heteroecious. I now have specimens from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Montana, Nevada, and Colorado.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#species-list\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" id=\"n-sensoriata\"><strong><em>Nearctaphis <\/em>(<em>Amelanchieria<\/em>)<em> sensoriata<\/em> (Gillette &amp; Bragg)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is the <em>Nearctaphis<\/em> that I find most commonly, probably because it is abundant and very apparent on its <em>Amelanchier<\/em> (Rosaceae) hosts in the spring and fall.&nbsp; As noted by others, it is probably heteroeceous, but I have yet to find a secondary host for it.&nbsp; Most likely such a host would be Fabaceae, and probably the roots or underground stems.&nbsp; I am not as adept at collecting underground aphids as I could be&#8230;.&nbsp; I have material from Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, California, Nevada, Colorado, and New Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-2.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-941\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"882\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-2.jpg\" alt=\"Nearctaphis (Amelanchieria) sensoriata aptera and nymphs from Amelanchier in the forests of central Oregon.\" class=\"wp-image-941\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-2.jpg 882w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-2-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-2-768x522.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 882px) 100vw, 882px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nearctaphis (Amelanchieria) sensoriata aptera and nymphs from Amelanchier in the forests of central Oregon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1.jpg\" rel=\"attachment wp-att-942\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1064\" height=\"941\" src=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1.jpg\" alt=\"Nearctaphis (Amelanchieria) sensoriata alate vivipara from Amelanchier in central Oregon.\" class=\"wp-image-942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1.jpg 1064w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1-300x265.jpg 300w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1-768x679.jpg 768w, https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Nearctaphis-Amelanchier-Malheur-NF-10-vi-2012-1-1024x906.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1064px) 100vw, 1064px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Nearctaphis (Amelanchieria) sensoriata alate vivipara from Amelanchier in central Oregon.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"#species-list\">Back to top<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nearctaphis Shaposhnikov This page updated:\u00a0December 2024. This is an easily recognized genus for a small but unknown number of species.&nbsp; As noted by Blackman and Eastop, &#8220;most species are poorly known.&#8221; Another case of understatement.&nbsp; In my collection I somewhat confidently identify three species, plus I have less confidently assigned a handful of slides to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":741,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-933","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/933","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=933"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/933\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2226,"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/933\/revisions\/2226"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/741"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/aphidtrek.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=933"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}